It has from very early times also been regarded as a form of personal adornment. In addition, there is the less costly costume jewellery, made from lower value materials and mass-produced. In some cases people were buried with their jewellery. Other variations include wire sculpture (wrap) jewellery, using anything from base metal wire with rock tumbled stone to precious metals and precious gemstones.

Opals contain almost one-third water and are therefore particularly vulnerable to even moderate temperature changes. Remove from heat and allow the gemstones to soak in the solution until it cools. Thermal shock happens when a stone is instantly transported from one extreme temperature to another. They are all nature's gifts to us. There are more than 40 popular gem varieties and many rarer collector gemstones.

Next, many gems are crystals which are classified by their crystal system such as cubic or trigonal or monoclinic. They may have luminescence and a distinctive absorption spectrum. For example, diamonds are made of carbon (C) and rubies of aluminium oxide (Al2O3). Another term used is habit, the form the gem is usually found in. For example diamonds, which have a cubic crystal system, are often found as octahedrons.

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